Physiotherapy Glossary

Anatomy

Acetabulum HEאצטבולום · ESacetábulo

Cup-shaped socket of the pelvis that articulates with the femoral head to form the hip joint.

Achilles Tendon HEגיד אכילס · EStendón de Aquiles

Largest and strongest tendon in the body, connecting the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to the calcaneus (heel bone).

Acromioclavicular Joint (AC) HEמפרק AC · ESarticulación acromioclavicular

Joint between the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle. Common site of injury in falls and contact sports.

Acromion HEאקרומיון · ESacromion

Bony projection of the scapula extending over the shoulder joint, forming the roof of the subacromial space.

ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) HEרצועה צולבת קדמית · ESligamento cruzado anterior (LCA)

Ligament inside the knee preventing the tibia from sliding forward relative to the femur. Frequently torn in pivoting sports.

Adductors HEמקרבים · ESaductores

Muscle group on the inner thigh (adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, pectineus) bringing the leg toward the midline.

Annulus Fibrosus HEטבעת פיברוטית · ESanillo fibroso

Tough outer fibrous ring of the intervertebral disc surrounding the nucleus pulposus.

Apophysis HEאפופיזה · ESapófisis

Tendon-bone insertion site containing a growth plate in young athletes; site of apophysitis in adolescents.

Articular Cartilage HEסחוס מפרקי · EScartílago articular

Smooth hyaline cartilage covering bone ends within joints; reduces friction and absorbs load.

Atlas (C1) HEאטלס · ESatlas (C1)

First cervical vertebra, supporting the skull. Articulates with the occipital condyles for the "yes" nod motion.

Axis (C2) HEאקסיס · ESaxis (C2)

Second cervical vertebra. Its dens (odontoid) acts as the pivot for rotational ("no") head movement.

Biceps Brachii HEשריר הביצפס · ESbíceps braquial

Two-headed anterior arm muscle (long and short heads) flexing the elbow and supinating the forearm.

Brachial Plexus HEמקלעת הזרוע · ESplexo braquial

Network of nerves (C5-T1) supplying the shoulder, arm, and hand.

Bursa HEבורסה · ESbolsa serosa

Fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between tendons, muscles, and bones at high-friction points (e.g., subacromial bursa).

Calcaneus HEעצם העקב · EScalcáneo

Heel bone; largest bone of the foot. Site of Achilles tendon insertion and Sever's apophysitis in children.

Carpal Tunnel HEתעלה קרפלית · EStúnel carpiano

Narrow passage in the wrist formed by carpal bones and the transverse carpal ligament. Houses the median nerve and finger flexor tendons.

Cervical Spine HEעמוד שדרה צווארי · EScolumna cervical

Seven uppermost vertebrae (C1-C7) of the spine, forming the neck. Most mobile region of the spinal column.

Coccyx HEעצם הזנב · EScóccix

Tailbone — the lowest portion of the spine, fused from 3-5 small vertebrae.

Coracoid Process HEזיז קוראקואיד · ESapófisis coracoides

Hook-like projection of the scapula serving as attachment for short head of biceps, coracobrachialis, and pectoralis minor.

Deltoid HEדלתואיד · ESdeltoides

Triangular shoulder muscle with anterior, middle, and posterior fibres. Primary shoulder abductor.

Diaphragm HEסרעפת · ESdiafragma

Dome-shaped muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities; primary muscle of inspiration and key core stabiliser.

Distal HEדיסטלי · ESdistal

Anatomical term meaning "farther from the body's centre" (e.g., the wrist is distal to the elbow).

Dorsal HEגבי · ESdorsal

Pertaining to the back or upper surface (e.g., dorsal aspect of the hand or foot).

ECRB (Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis) HEECRB · ESECRB

Wrist extensor tendon arising from the lateral epicondyle. Primary site of pathology in tennis elbow (~90% of cases).

Epicondyle HEאפיקונדיל · ESepicóndilo

Bony prominence above the condyle of a long bone. Lateral epicondyle: tennis elbow site; medial epicondyle: golfer's elbow site.

Erector Spinae HEשרירי הזקיפה של עמוד השדרה · ESerectores espinales

Group of muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) running parallel to the spine, extending and stabilising the back.

Facet Joint HEמפרק פסט · ESarticulación facetaria

Small synovial joint between adjacent vertebrae. Frequent source of localised back pain (facet joint syndrome).

Femur HEעצם הירך · ESfémur

Largest, strongest, and longest bone in the body. Articulates with the pelvis at the hip and with the tibia at the knee.

Fibula HEעצם השוק הצדדית · ESperoné

Slender lateral bone of the lower leg, parallel to the tibia. Bears minimal weight; provides muscle attachment.

Foramen HEפוראמן · ESforamen

Opening or passage through bone — e.g., intervertebral foramen for nerve roots, sciatic foramen for the sciatic nerve.

Gastrocnemius HEגסטרוקנמיוס · ESgastrocnemio

Two-headed superficial calf muscle. Plantarflexes the ankle and assists knee flexion.

Glenoid HEגלנואיד · EScavidad glenoidea

Shallow socket of the scapula receiving the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.

Gluteus Maximus HEגלוטאוס מקסימוס · ESglúteo mayor

Largest gluteal muscle. Primary hip extensor and external rotator; key driver of running, climbing, and rising from chairs.

Gluteus Medius HEגלוטאוס מדיוס · ESglúteo medio

Lateral hip muscle stabilising the pelvis during single-leg stance. Weakness is the main driver of many lower-limb injuries (Trendelenburg pattern).

Greater Trochanter HEטרוכנטר מרכזי · EStrocánter mayor

Bony prominence on the upper-outer femur. Insertion site for gluteus medius and minimus; site of trochanteric bursitis and gluteal tendinopathy.

Hamstrings HEהמסטרינג · ESisquiotibiales

Three-muscle group on the back of the thigh (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus). Knee flexors and hip extensors.

Humerus HEעצם הזרוע · EShúmero

Long bone of the upper arm. Articulates with the scapula proximally (shoulder) and the radius and ulna distally (elbow).

Iliotibial Band (IT Band) HEסרט איליוטיביאלי · ESbanda iliotibial

Thick band of fascia running from the iliac crest to the lateral tibia. Stabilises the knee laterally; site of IT band syndrome in runners.

Infraspinatus HEאינפרא-ספינטוס · ESinfraespinoso

Rotator cuff muscle on the posterior scapula. Primary external rotator of the shoulder.

Intervertebral Disc HEדיסק בין-חולייתי · ESdisco intervertebral

Fibrocartilaginous cushion between vertebral bodies. Composed of nucleus pulposus (centre) and annulus fibrosus (outer ring).

Ischial Tuberosity HEגבשושית האיסכיום · EStuberosidad isquiática

Bony prominence at the base of the pelvis ("sit bone"). Origin of hamstring tendons; site of proximal hamstring tendinopathy.

Labrum HEלברום · ESlabrum

Ring of fibrocartilage deepening the socket in ball-and-socket joints (shoulder glenoid, hip acetabulum). Sites of SLAP and acetabular labral tears.

Lateral HEלטרלי · ESlateral

Anatomical term meaning "toward the side, away from the midline" (opposite of medial).

Latissimus Dorsi HEרחב הגב · ESdorsal ancho

Broad muscle of the back. Adducts, extends, and internally rotates the shoulder. Key in pulling movements (rowing, climbing).

Levator Scapulae HEמרים השכם · ESelevador de la escápula

Posterior neck muscle elevating the scapula. Frequent source of trigger points in computer-related neck pain.

Ligament HEרצועה · ESligamento

Tough fibrous tissue connecting bone to bone, providing joint stability.

Lumbar Spine HEעמוד שדרה לומברי · EScolumna lumbar

Five large vertebrae (L1-L5) of the lower back. Major load-bearing region; common site of disc herniation and pain.

Median Nerve HEעצב מדיאני · ESnervio mediano

Major nerve of the upper limb passing through the carpal tunnel. Compression causes carpal tunnel syndrome.

Medial HEמדיאלי · ESmedial

Anatomical term meaning "toward the midline of the body" (opposite of lateral).

Meniscus HEמיניסקוס · ESmenisco

C-shaped fibrocartilage cushion in the knee — medial and lateral. Distributes load and absorbs shock; commonly torn in twisting injuries.

Metatarsals HEעצמות המטטרסל · ESmetatarsianos

Five long bones of the midfoot, between the tarsals and phalanges.

Nerve Root HEשורש עצב · ESraíz nerviosa

Initial portion of a spinal nerve emerging from the spinal cord. Compression at the foramen causes radiculopathy.

Nucleus Pulposus HEגרעין הדיסק · ESnúcleo pulposo

Gel-like inner core of the intervertebral disc. Herniation occurs when this material extrudes through the annulus fibrosus.

Olecranon HEאולקרנון · ESolécranon

Bony prominence at the back of the elbow (tip of the ulna). Insertion of the triceps brachii.

Patella HEפיקה · ESrótula

Kneecap. Sesamoid bone embedded in the quadriceps tendon, increasing the mechanical advantage of knee extension.

Patellar Tendon HEגיד הפיקה · EStendón rotuliano

Strong band connecting the patella to the tibial tubercle. Site of patellar tendinopathy ("jumper's knee") and Osgood-Schlatter.

PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament) HEרצועה צולבת אחורית · ESligamento cruzado posterior (LCP)

Ligament inside the knee preventing posterior tibial translation. Less commonly torn than ACL; usually from dashboard injury or fall on flexed knee.

Pectoralis Major HEפקטורליס מייג'ור · ESpectoral mayor

Large fan-shaped muscle of the chest. Adducts and internally rotates the shoulder; primary mover in push-ups and bench press.

Pectoralis Minor HEפקטורליס מינור · ESpectoral menor

Small chest muscle from ribs to coracoid process. Tightness contributes to forward-shoulder posture and thoracic outlet syndrome.

Pelvis HEאגן · ESpelvis

Ring of bones (ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx) connecting the spine to the lower limbs.

Peroneal Muscles HEשרירים פרונאליים · ESperoneos

Lateral calf muscles (peroneus longus, brevis) everting the foot and stabilising the lateral ankle. Often weak after ankle sprains.

Piriformis HEפיריפורמיס · ESpiriforme

Deep gluteal muscle from sacrum to greater trochanter. External hip rotator that lies adjacent to (or in 15-20% through) the sciatic nerve.

Plantar Fascia HEפאשיה פלנטרית · ESfascia plantar

Thick band of connective tissue along the sole of the foot, from calcaneus to toes. Site of plantar fasciitis.

Posterior HEאחורי · ESposterior

Anatomical term meaning "toward the back of the body" (opposite of anterior).

Pronator Teres HEפרונטור טרס · ESpronador redondo

Forearm muscle pronating the forearm. Origin of the flexor-pronator group at the medial epicondyle; involved in golfer's elbow.

Proximal HEפרוקסימלי · ESproximal

Anatomical term meaning "closer to the body's centre" (opposite of distal).

Quadratus Lumborum HEקוודרטוס לומבורום · EScuadrado lumbar

Deep lower back muscle from iliac crest to last rib and lumbar transverse processes. Lateral flexor of the spine; common pain source.

Quadriceps HEארבע ראשי · EScuádriceps

Four-muscle group of the anterior thigh (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius). Primary knee extensors.

Radial Nerve HEעצב רדיאלי · ESnervio radial

Major nerve of the upper limb supplying wrist and finger extensors. Compression in radial tunnel mimics tennis elbow.

Radius HEרדיוס · ESradio

Lateral (thumb-side) bone of the forearm. Articulates with the humerus, ulna, and carpal bones.

Rotator Cuff HEשרוול המסובבים · ESmanguito rotador

Group of four muscles (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis, Teres Minor) surrounding and stabilising the shoulder joint.

Sacrum HEסקרום · ESsacro

Triangular bone at the base of the spine, formed by fused S1-S5 vertebrae. Articulates with the iliac bones to form the pelvis.

Scalene Muscles HEשרירי הסקלן · ESescalenos

Three muscles of the lateral neck (anterior, middle, posterior). Accessory respiratory muscles; involvement in thoracic outlet syndrome.

Scapula HEשכמה · ESescápula

Triangular shoulder blade providing attachment for 17 muscles. Its movement (scapulohumeral rhythm) is essential for shoulder function.

Sciatic Nerve HEעצב הסיאטיק · ESnervio ciático

Largest nerve in the body, running from the lumbar plexus through the buttock and down the leg. Diameter of an adult finger.

Serratus Anterior HEסראטוס אנטריור · ESserrato anterior

Muscle from upper ribs to medial scapula. "Boxer's muscle" — protracts the scapula. Weakness causes scapular winging.

Sacroiliac Joint (SI) HEמפרק SI · ESarticulación sacroilíaca

Joint between the sacrum and the iliac bone. Transmits force between spine and lower limbs; common source of low back pain.

Soleus HEסוליאוס · ESsóleo

Deep calf muscle beneath the gastrocnemius. Primary plantarflexor of the ankle when the knee is flexed.

Subscapularis HEסובסקפולריס · ESsubescapular

Largest rotator cuff muscle, located on the anterior scapula. Primary internal rotator of the shoulder.

Supraspinatus HEסופראספינטוס · ESsupraespinoso

Rotator cuff muscle above the spine of the scapula. Initiates shoulder abduction. Most commonly injured cuff tendon (~85% of partial tears).

Talus HEטלוס · ESastrágalo

Ankle bone articulating with tibia, fibula, and calcaneus. Carries the entire body's weight to the foot.

Tendon HEגיד · EStendón

Tough fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone. Transmits muscle contraction force to skeletal movement.

Teres Minor HEטרס מינור · ESredondo menor

Smallest rotator cuff muscle on the lateral scapula. External rotator and stabiliser of the shoulder.

TFCC (Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex) HETFCC · ESCFCT

Cartilage and ligament structure on the ulnar side of the wrist. Stabilises the distal radioulnar joint; commonly injured in falls.

TFL (Tensor Fasciae Latae) HETFL · EStensor de la fascia lata

Hip muscle from iliac crest to the IT band. Hip flexor and abductor; tightness contributes to IT band syndrome.

Thoracic Spine HEעמוד שדרה תורסי · EScolumna torácica

Twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) of the upper back, articulating with the ribs. Less mobile than cervical and lumbar regions.

Tibia HEטיביה (שוקה) · EStibia

Larger and medial bone of the lower leg. Articulates with femur (knee), fibula (laterally), and talus (ankle).

Tibialis Anterior HEטיביאליס אנטריור · EStibial anterior

Anterior shin muscle dorsiflexing the ankle. Weakness leads to foot drop; common shin splint site.

Tibialis Posterior HEטיביאליס פוסטריור · EStibial posterior

Deep posterior leg muscle inverting the foot and supporting the medial arch. Tendinopathy leads to flat foot.

Trapezius HEטרפז · EStrapecio

Large kite-shaped back muscle with upper, middle, and lower fibres. Moves and stabilises the scapula; major site of tension headache trigger points.

Triceps Brachii HEטריצפס · EStríceps braquial

Three-headed posterior arm muscle (long, lateral, medial heads). Primary elbow extensor.

Ulna HEאולנה · EScúbito

Medial (pinky-side) bone of the forearm. Forms the olecranon at the elbow.

Ulnar Nerve HEעצב אולנרי · ESnervio cubital

Major nerve of the upper limb passing behind the medial epicondyle (cubital tunnel). Compression here causes cubital tunnel syndrome.

Vertebra HEחוליה · ESvértebra

Individual bone of the spine. The 33 vertebrae are grouped into cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5 fused), coccyx (4 fused).

Wrist Extensors HEאקסטנסורים של פרק כף יד · ESextensores de muñeca

Forearm muscles extending the wrist (ECRL, ECRB, ECU). Originate at the lateral epicondyle; site of tennis elbow.

Wrist Flexors HEפלקסורים של פרק כף יד · ESflexores de muñeca

Forearm muscles flexing the wrist (FCR, FCU, palmaris longus). Originate at the medial epicondyle; site of golfer's elbow.

ATFL (Anterior Talofibular Ligament) HEATFL · ESligamento talofibular anterior

Lateral ankle ligament from the lateral malleolus to the talus. Most commonly injured ligament in the body — torn in 70-80% of lateral ankle sprains.

Brachialis HEברכיאליס · ESbraquial

Deep elbow flexor lying beneath the biceps brachii, attaching to the ulna. Primary elbow flexor regardless of forearm position.

Glenohumeral Joint HEמפרק גלנו-הומראלי · ESarticulación glenohumeral

Main shoulder joint — ball-and-socket articulation between the humeral head and glenoid cavity. Most mobile joint in the body, with the trade-off of relatively low intrinsic stability.

Iliopsoas HEאיליופסואס · ESiliopsoas

Combined psoas major + iliacus muscle. Primary hip flexor, with the psoas attaching to the lumbar vertebrae — meaning hip flexor tightness can pull on the lumbar spine.

Subtalar Joint HEמפרק תת-טלרי · ESarticulación subastragalina

Joint between the talus and calcaneus, providing inversion and eversion of the foot. Key contributor to foot pronation/supination during gait.

Synovium / Synovial Fluid HEקרום סינוביאלי / נוזל סינוביאלי · ESmembrana sinovial / líquido sinovial

Inner lining of joint capsule (synovium) producing the lubricating synovial fluid. Inflamed in synovitis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis); responds to load-induced shear.

Talocrural Joint HEמפרק קרסול ראשי · ESarticulación talocrural

True ankle joint — articulation between the tibia, fibula, and talus. Provides plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of the foot.

VMO (Vastus Medialis Oblique) HEVMO · ESVMO

Distal-medial fibres of the vastus medialis quadriceps muscle. Stabilises the patella medially during knee extension; weakness contributes to patellofemoral pain.

Conditions

Achilles Tendinopathy HEטנדינופתיה אכילס · EStendinopatía aquílea

Degenerative pathology of the Achilles tendon — insertional (at calcaneus) or mid-portion. Eccentric loading is the evidence-based treatment.

ACL Tear HEקרע ברצועה הצולבת הקדמית · ESrotura del LCA

Partial or complete rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament, typically from a non-contact pivoting mechanism. Often requires surgical reconstruction in active patients.

Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) HEכתף קפואה · EScapsulitis adhesiva

Progressive shoulder stiffness and pain due to capsular contracture. Three stages: freezing, frozen, thawing. Resolves over 12-24 months.

Ankle Sprain HEנקע קרסול · ESesguince de tobillo

Stretching or tearing of ankle ligaments, usually lateral (ATFL most common). Graded I-III by severity. 30% chronicity rate without proper rehabilitation.

Ankylosing Spondylitis HEדלקת מפרקים מקבעת · ESespondilitis anquilosante

Inflammatory autoimmune disease causing progressive spinal fusion. Early-morning stiffness lasting >30 minutes; HLA-B27 association.

Bursitis HEבורסיטיס · ESbursitis

Inflammation of a bursa. Common sites: subacromial (shoulder), trochanteric (hip), olecranon (elbow), prepatellar (knee).

Calcific Tendinitis HEהסתיידות בגיד · EStendinitis calcificante

Calcium hydroxyapatite deposits within a tendon — most often in the supraspinatus. Severe acute pain when calcium resorbs.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome HEתסמונת התעלה הקרפלית · ESsíndrome del túnel carpiano

Median nerve compression at the wrist. Numbness/tingling in thumb, index, middle, half of ring finger; nocturnal symptoms typical.

Cauda Equina Syndrome HEתסמונת קאודה אקווינה · ESsíndrome de cauda equina

Compression of the lumbar nerve roots below L1. Saddle anaesthesia, bowel/bladder dysfunction. Surgical emergency.

Cervical Disc Herniation HEפריצת דיסק צווארי · EShernia discal cervical

Disc material protrusion in the cervical spine, most commonly at C5-C6 or C6-C7. Causes radicular arm symptoms.

Cervicogenic Headache HEכאב ראש מצוואר · EScefalea cervicogénica

Headache originating from the cervical spine, particularly C0-C3 dysfunction. Unilateral, triggered by neck movement or sustained postures.

Chondromalacia Patella HEחונדרומלאציה · EScondromalacia rotuliana

Softening and breakdown of cartilage on the underside of the patella. Component of patellofemoral pain syndrome.

CRPS (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome) HECRPS · ESSDRC

Chronic pain disorder, typically post-trauma or post-surgery, with disproportionate pain, swelling, autonomic and motor changes. Early physiotherapy is critical.

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome HEתסמונת התעלה הקוביטלית · ESsíndrome del túnel cubital

Ulnar nerve compression at the elbow (cubital tunnel). Tingling in pinky and ring finger; intrinsic hand weakness.

De Quervain's Tenosynovitis HEדה קוורן · EStenosinovitis de De Quervain

Inflammation of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons at the thumb side of the wrist. Common in new mothers; positive Finkelstein test.

Deep Gluteal Syndrome HEתסמונת העכוז העמוק · ESsíndrome glúteo profundo

Sciatic nerve entrapment in the deep gluteal compartment by any structure (piriformis, obturator internus, fibrous bands). Umbrella term encompassing piriformis syndrome.

Disc Herniation HEפריצת דיסק · EShernia discal

Displacement of intervertebral disc material beyond the normal disc space. Can compress nerve roots, causing radicular symptoms.

Dupuytren's Contracture HEדופויטרן · ESenfermedad de Dupuytren

Progressive thickening of the palmar fascia leading to flexion contracture of the fingers (especially ring and little finger).

Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) HEFAI · ESpinzamiento femoroacetabular

Abnormal contact between femoral head and acetabulum during hip motion. CAM (femoral) and Pincer (acetabular) types. Causes groin pain, labral tears.

Frozen Shoulder HEכתף קפואה · EShombro congelado

Common name for adhesive capsulitis. Distinguished from rotator cuff pathology by loss of passive ROM (not just active).

Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome HEתסמונת כאב הטרוכנטר המרכזי · ESsíndrome doloroso del trocánter mayor

Lateral hip pain encompassing gluteus medius/minimus tendinopathy and trochanteric bursitis. Aggravated by side-lying.

Hamstring Strain HEקרע בהמסטרינג · ESdistensión isquiotibial

Tear of the hamstring muscle, usually biceps femoris. Common in sprinting; high recurrence rate (up to 30%) without proper rehabilitation.

Hip Labral Tear HEקרע בלברום של הירך · ESrotura de labrum acetabular

Tear of the acetabular labrum, often associated with FAI or trauma. Causes deep groin pain, clicking, and pinching.

Hip Osteoarthritis HEאוסטיאוארתריטיס בירך · ESosteoartritis de cadera

Progressive cartilage degeneration of the hip joint. Symptoms include groin/buttock pain, morning stiffness, reduced hip ROM.

IT Band Syndrome HEתסמונת הסרט האיליוטיביאלי · ESsíndrome de la banda iliotibial

Lateral knee pain in runners and cyclists from compression of the IT band over the lateral femoral epicondyle. Linked to gluteus medius weakness.

Knee Osteoarthritis HEארתרוזיס בברך · ESosteoartritis de rodilla

Progressive cartilage loss in the knee. Pain with loading, morning stiffness, crepitus. Strengthening evidence-based; surgery for end-stage.

Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) HEמרפק טניס · ESepicondilitis lateral / codo de tenista

Tendinopathy of the wrist extensor origin at the lateral epicondyle (mainly ECRB, ~90%). Eccentric loading (Tyler Twist) is evidence-based; injections worsen 1-year outcomes.

Little League Elbow HEמרפק זורקים · EScodo de pequeñas ligas

Medial epicondyle apophysitis or apophyseal avulsion in adolescent throwers. Pitch counts and rest are essential to prevent UCL injury.

Lumbar Stenosis HEהיצרות תעלת השדרה · ESestenosis lumbar

Narrowing of the spinal canal in the lumbar region, compressing nerve roots. Classic neurogenic claudication: leg pain with walking, relieved by sitting/flexion.

Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow) HEמרפק גולף · ESepicondilitis medial / codo de golfista

Tendinopathy of the flexor-pronator origin at the medial epicondyle. Often comorbid with ulnar neuropathy (25-50% of cases).

Meniscus Tear HEקרע במיניסקוס · ESrotura de menisco

Tear of the medial or lateral meniscus, typically from twisting injury (acute) or degenerative change (chronic). Conservative treatment first-line for many cases.

Morton's Neuroma HEנוירומה של מורטון · ESneuroma de Morton

Thickening of the plantar interdigital nerve, usually between 3rd and 4th metatarsals. Burning forefoot pain, often with tingling in toes.

Myofascial Pain Syndrome HEתסמונת כאב מיופאשיאלית · ESsíndrome de dolor miofascial

Chronic pain disorder featuring myofascial trigger points within tight muscle bands. Treated with manual therapy, dry needling, and corrective exercise.

Osgood-Schlatter Disease HEאוסגוד-שלטר · ESenfermedad de Osgood-Schlatter

Apophysitis of the tibial tubercle in adolescents 10-15. Pain below the kneecap with running and jumping. Self-limiting; resolves at growth plate closure.

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) HEכאב פטלופמורלי · ESsíndrome patelofemoral

Anterior knee pain ("runner's knee") from patellar tracking dysfunction. Linked to hip weakness, foot pronation, and quadriceps imbalance.

Piriformis Syndrome HEתסמונת הפיריפורמיס · ESsíndrome del piriforme

Non-discogenic sciatic pain caused by piriformis muscle compression of the sciatic nerve. Diagnosed clinically with FAIR test (88% sensitivity).

Plantar Fasciitis HEדורבן ברגל / פלנטר פאשיטיס · ESfascitis plantar

Pain at the heel from plantar fascia degeneration. Classically worst with first morning steps. High-load strength training is evidence-based.

Posterior Tibial Tendinopathy HEטנדינופתיה של הטיביאליס פוסטריור · EStendinopatía tibial posterior

Pathology of the posterior tibial tendon, leading to medial ankle pain and progressive flat foot. Eccentric strengthening and orthoses.

Radiculopathy HEרדיקולופתיה · ESradiculopatía

Nerve root compression or irritation, causing pain, weakness, or numbness in the corresponding dermatome/myotome.

Rotator Cuff Tear HEקרע בשרוול המסובבים · ESrotura del manguito rotador

Partial-thickness or full-thickness tear of one or more rotator cuff tendons. Most commonly the supraspinatus. Many respond to conservative care (MOON Protocol — 75% in atraumatic).

Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction HEתפקוד לקוי במפרק SI · ESdisfunción sacroilíaca

Pain and altered mechanics at the sacroiliac joint. Diagnosed by cluster of provocation tests (FABER, thigh thrust, distraction, compression, Gaenslen).

Scheuermann's Kyphosis HEקיפוזיס שוירמן · EScifosis de Scheuermann

Adolescent thoracic kyphosis from anterior vertebral body wedging. Diagnosed when ≥3 consecutive vertebrae wedge ≥5°.

Sciatica HEסיאטיקה · ESciática

Radicular pain along the sciatic nerve distribution, typically from lumbar disc herniation or stenosis. Differential includes piriformis syndrome.

Sever's Disease HEמחלת סבר · ESenfermedad de Sever

Calcaneal apophysitis in active children ages 8-14. Heel pain with activity. Self-limiting; managed with load reduction, calf stretching, and heel cushioning.

Shin Splints (Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome) HEפריוסטיטיס טיביאלית · ESperiostitis tibial / síndrome del estrés tibial medial

Pain along the medial tibial border in runners. Stress reaction of bone or fascial pull from posterior tibialis/soleus. Distinct from stress fracture.

Shoulder Impingement HEתסמונת ה-Impingement של הכתף · ESpinzamiento subacromial

Compression of subacromial structures (supraspinatus tendon, bursa) under the acromion. Modern terminology favours "subacromial pain syndrome."

SLAP Tear HEקרע SLAP · ESlesión SLAP

Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior tear — injury at the biceps tendon insertion on the glenoid labrum. Common in throwing athletes.

Spondylolisthesis HEספונדילוליסטזיס · ESespondilolistesis

Forward slippage of one vertebra over another. Most common at L5-S1. Graded I-IV by percent slippage.

Spondylolysis HEספונדילוליזיס · ESespondilólisis

Stress fracture of the pars interarticularis. Common in adolescent athletes (gymnasts, cricket bowlers); can lead to spondylolisthesis.

Sprain HEנקע (רצועה) · ESesguince

Stretching or tearing of a ligament. Graded I (mild stretch), II (partial tear), III (complete rupture).

Strain HEקריעה (שריר) · ESdistensión muscular

Stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon. Same I-III grading as sprains.

Stress Fracture HEשבר מאמץ · ESfractura por estrés

Bone fracture from repetitive submaximal load (not single trauma). Common sites: tibia, metatarsals, femoral neck. MRI more sensitive than X-ray.

Subluxation HEסובלוקסציה · ESsubluxación

Partial dislocation of a joint — articular surfaces remain partially in contact. Less severe than full dislocation; common at shoulder, patella.

Tendinitis HEטנדיניטיס · EStendinitis

Acute inflammatory tendon condition. Modern usage: most chronic tendon pain is degenerative (tendinopathy/tendinosis), not inflammatory.

Tendinopathy HEטנדינופתיה · EStendinopatía

Modern umbrella term for tendon pathology. Encompasses reactive tendinopathy and degenerative tendinosis. Treatment: progressive loading.

Tendinosis HEטנדינוזיס · EStendinosis

Degenerative tendon pathology — disorganised collagen, neovascularisation, increased ground substance. Histologically distinct from inflammatory tendinitis.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome HEתסמונת המוצא התורסי · ESsíndrome del estrecho torácico

Compression of brachial plexus and/or subclavian vessels at the thoracic outlet. Neurogenic, venous, or arterial subtypes.

TMJ Disorder (TMD) HEכאב מפרק הלסת · ESdisfunción temporomandibular

Pain and dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles. Myogenous, arthrogenous, or mixed subtypes.

Trochanteric Bursitis HEבורסיטיס טרוכנטרית · ESbursitis trocantérea

Inflammation of the bursa over the greater trochanter. Often coexists with gluteal tendinopathy under the umbrella of greater trochanteric pain syndrome.

Whiplash HEשוט (פגיעת צוואר) · ESlatigazo cervical

Soft tissue cervical injury from rapid acceleration-deceleration (typically motor vehicle accident). Categorised by Quebec Task Force grades 0-IV.

Avascular Necrosis (AVN / Osteonecrosis) HEנמק עצם (AVN) · ESnecrosis avascular / osteonecrosis

Bone tissue death due to disrupted blood supply. Common sites: femoral head, humeral head, scaphoid, talus. Causes include trauma, corticosteroid use, alcohol, sickle cell disease.

Bone Stress Reaction HEתגובת עקה של עצם · ESreacción de estrés óseo

Pre-fracture stage of bone overload — inflammation and microdamage visible on MRI before a frank stress fracture line appears. Treatable with load reduction; if ignored progresses to stress fracture.

Fibromyalgia HEפיברומיאלגיה · ESfibromialgia

Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain disorder with fatigue, sleep disturbance, cognitive symptoms. Central sensitization model; treated with graded exercise, education, sleep hygiene, and selected pharmacotherapy.

Hallux Valgus (Bunion) HEבלט (Hallux Valgus) · EShallux valgus / juanete

Lateral deviation of the great toe with medial bony prominence at the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint. Conservative care: footwear modification, toe spacers, intrinsic foot muscle strengthening.

Osteoporosis / Osteopenia HEאוסטיאופורוזיס / אוסטיאופניה · ESosteoporosis / osteopenia

Reduced bone mineral density. Osteopenia (T-score -1.0 to -2.5) is the precursor stage; osteoporosis (T-score ≤-2.5) carries elevated fracture risk. Resistance training and weight-bearing exercise are evidence-based interventions.

Trigger Finger (Stenosing Tenosynovitis) HEאצבע הדק · ESdedo en gatillo

Constriction of the A1 pulley causing finger to lock in flexion and "pop" on extension. Treated with splinting, manual therapy, corticosteroid injection, or surgical pulley release.

Clinical Tests

Anterior Drawer Test (knee/ankle) HEמבחן Anterior Drawer · ESprueba del cajón anterior

Knee: anterior tibial translation at 90° flexion to assess ACL. Ankle: anterior talar translation to assess ATFL.

Apley's Compression Test HEמבחן Apley · ESprueba de Apley

Prone knee at 90°, axial load with rotation. Pain with compression suggests meniscus tear; pain with distraction suggests ligamentous injury.

Apprehension Test (Shoulder) HEמבחן Apprehension · ESprueba de aprensión

Passive external rotation in 90° abduction. Patient apprehension or pain suggests anterior shoulder instability.

Beatty Test HEמבחן Beatty · ESprueba de Beatty

Side-lying resisted abduction. Pain in deep buttock suggests piriformis syndrome.

Cozen Test HEמבחן Cozen · ESprueba de Cozen

Resisted wrist extension with elbow extended. Pain at the lateral epicondyle suggests tennis elbow.

Cross-Body Adduction HEמבחן Cross-Body Adduction · ESprueba de aducción cruzada

Passive horizontal adduction of the shoulder. Pain over AC joint suggests AC joint pathology.

Drop Arm Test HEמבחן Drop Arm · ESprueba del brazo caído

Inability to slowly lower an abducted arm. Suggests significant rotator cuff (often supraspinatus) tear.

Empty Can Test (Jobe Test) HEמבחן Empty Can / Jobe · ESprueba Empty Can / Jobe

Resisted abduction at 90° with internal rotation (thumbs down). Pain or weakness suggests Supraspinatus involvement.

FABER Test (Patrick's Test) HEמבחן FABER · ESprueba FABER (Patrick)

Flexion-Abduction-External Rotation of the hip. Posterior pain suggests SI joint involvement; anterior groin pain suggests hip joint pathology.

FAIR Test HEמבחן FAIR · ESprueba FAIR

Flexion-Adduction-Internal Rotation. Reproduction of buttock pain confirms piriformis syndrome (sensitivity 88%, specificity 83% — Fishman 2002).

Finkelstein Test HEמבחן Finkelstein · ESprueba de Finkelstein

Thumb-in-fist with ulnar deviation. Pain on the radial wrist suggests De Quervain's tenosynovitis.

Freiberg Test HEמבחן Freiberg · ESprueba de Freiberg

Passive internal hip rotation with hip extended. Pain reproduces piriformis syndrome.

Gaenslen Test HEמבחן Gaenslen · ESprueba de Gaenslen

Patient supine with one hip and knee fully flexed and the contralateral leg hanging off the table. Provocates SI joint.

Hawkins-Kennedy Test HEמבחן Hawkins-Kennedy · ESprueba de Hawkins-Kennedy

Forced internal rotation in 90° forward flexion. Pain suggests subacromial impingement.

Lachman Test HEמבחן Lachman · ESprueba de Lachman

Anterior tibial translation with the knee in 30° flexion. Most sensitive clinical test for ACL tear.

Lift-Off Test HEמבחן Lift-Off · ESprueba de Lift-Off

Patient lifts hand off lower back against resistance. Inability suggests Subscapularis pathology.

McMurray Test HEמבחן McMurray · ESprueba de McMurray

Knee rotation while extending from full flexion. Click or pain suggests meniscus tear.

Mill's Test HEמבחן Mill · ESprueba de Mill

Passive wrist flexion with elbow extended. Pain at the lateral epicondyle suggests tennis elbow.

Neer Impingement Test HEמבחן Neer · ESprueba de Neer

Passive forward flexion of the shoulder with scapula stabilised. Pain suggests subacromial impingement.

Ober Test HEמבחן Ober · ESprueba de Ober

Side-lying hip extension and adduction. Inability of leg to drop suggests IT band tightness.

Pace Test HEמבחן Pace · ESprueba de Pace

Resisted abduction and external rotation in seated position. Buttock pain suggests piriformis syndrome.

Phalen Test HEמבחן Phalen · ESprueba de Phalen

Sustained wrist flexion (60 seconds). Tingling in median nerve distribution suggests carpal tunnel syndrome.

Pivot Shift Test HEמבחן Pivot Shift · ESprueba de Pivot Shift

Knee in valgus with internal tibial rotation, moved from extension to flexion. Reproduction of "shift" suggests ACL tear.

Slump Test HEמבחן Slump · ESprueba Slump

Seated, slumped, head flexed, knee extended, ankle dorsiflexed. Reproduction of leg pain suggests neural tension/radiculopathy.

Speed Test HEמבחן Speed · ESprueba de Speed

Resisted forward flexion of the shoulder with elbow extended and palm up. Bicipital groove pain suggests biceps tendinopathy.

Spurling Test HEמבחן Spurling · ESprueba de Spurling

Lateral flexion + axial compression of the cervical spine. Reproduction of arm symptoms suggests cervical radiculopathy.

Straight Leg Raise (SLR / Lasègue) HEמבחן Lasègue / SLR · ESprueba de Lasègue

Passive hip flexion with knee straight. Reproduction of leg pain below 60° suggests lumbar radiculopathy.

Talar Tilt Test HEמבחן Talar Tilt · ESprueba de inclinación astragalina

Inversion stress test of the ankle. Excessive talar tilt suggests calcaneofibular ligament injury.

Thessaly Test HEמבחן Thessaly · ESprueba de Thessaly

Single-leg stance at 20° knee flexion with internal/external rotation. Pain or click suggests meniscus tear.

Thomas Test HEמבחן Thomas · ESprueba de Thomas

Supine, one knee held to chest. Inability of contralateral hip to fully extend suggests hip flexor tightness (iliopsoas, rectus femoris).

Thompson Test HEמבחן Thompson · ESprueba de Thompson

Prone calf squeeze. Absence of plantar flexion suggests Achilles tendon rupture.

Tinel Sign HEסימן Tinel · ESsigno de Tinel

Light percussion over a peripheral nerve. Tingling/electric sensation in the nerve distribution suggests nerve compression or regeneration.

Trendelenburg Test HEמבחן Trendelenburg · ESprueba de Trendelenburg

Single-leg stance with observation of pelvic position. Drop of the contralateral pelvis suggests gluteus medius weakness.

Yergason Test HEמבחן Yergason · ESprueba de Yergason

Resisted forearm supination with elbow flexed at 90°. Bicipital groove pain suggests biceps tendinopathy or SLAP tear.

Beighton Score HEסולם Beighton · ESescala de Beighton

Nine-point screening tool for generalised joint hypermobility — passive thumb apposition, 5th finger extension, elbow and knee hyperextension, hands flat to floor in forward bend. Score ≥5/9 in adults indicates hypermobility.

Constant-Murley Score HEסקור Constant · ESpuntuación de Constant-Murley

100-point shoulder outcome score measuring pain, daily activities, ROM, and strength. Used in clinical research and as outcome measure for shoulder rehabilitation and surgery (e.g., rotator cuff repair).

DASH Score HEסקור DASH · ESDASH

Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire — 30-item self-report measure for upper-limb disability. Used in tennis elbow, rotator cuff, carpal tunnel, and post-surgical rehabilitation outcome tracking.

KOOS (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) HEKOOS · ESKOOS

Patient-reported outcome instrument with 5 subscales: Pain, Symptoms, Activities of Daily Living, Sport/Recreation, Quality of Life. Used in ACL, meniscus, knee OA rehabilitation tracking.

NPRS / VAS Pain Scales HENPRS / VAS · ESNPRS / EVA

NPRS (Numeric Pain Rating Scale): 0-10 verbal scale. VAS (Visual Analog Scale): 100-mm continuous line. Both quantify subjective pain intensity for monitoring across sessions. Minimal clinically important difference: 2 points NPRS, 20 mm VAS.

Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) HEODI · ESODI / Oswestry

10-section questionnaire scoring disability from low back pain in daily activities (lifting, walking, sleeping, social life). 0-100% with categories: minimal (0-20%), moderate (21-40%), severe (41-60%), crippled (61-80%), bedbound (81-100%).

Single Leg Hop Test HEמבחן הופ רגל אחת · ESprueba de salto a una pierna

Functional return-to-sport test battery for knee — single hop, triple hop, crossover hop, 6-meter timed hop. Limb Symmetry Index (operated/non-operated) ≥90% is a key criterion for return to sport after ACL reconstruction.

Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) HEסולם Tampa · ESescala Tampa

17-item questionnaire measuring fear of movement and re-injury. Score range 17-68; higher scores indicate greater kinesiophobia. Strong predictor of poor outcomes in chronic pain and post-surgical rehabilitation.

Y-Balance Test HEמבחן Y-Balance · ESprueba Y-Balance

Single-leg dynamic balance test reaching in three directions (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral). Quantifies asymmetry; >4 cm side-to-side difference correlates with increased lower-limb injury risk.

Treatments & Techniques

Active Release Technique (ART) HEART · EStécnica de liberación activa

Soft tissue technique combining provider-applied tension with patient-active movement to address adhesions and fascial restrictions.

Class IV Laser HEלייזר Class IV · ESláser Clase IV

High-power therapeutic laser (10-15W) producing photobiomodulation via cytochrome c oxidase activation in mitochondria. Accelerates cellular repair.

Cryotherapy HEקרח / קריותרפיה · EScrioterapia

Cold application to reduce pain, swelling, and metabolic activity in acute injury. Modern evidence questions extended use beyond first 24-48 hours.

Deep Oscillation (HIVAMAT) HEDeep Oscillation · ESoscilación profunda

Electrostatic-field modality producing gentle pulsed tissue vibrations at depths up to 8 cm without heat. Frequencies 5-250 Hz target lymphatic drainage (low), fascia (mid), or analgesia (high). Unique for use in acute and post-surgical phases when heat is contraindicated.

Cupping HEכוסות רוח · ESventosas

Suction cups applied to the skin, creating negative pressure to lift soft tissue. Used for muscle tension; evidence base limited.

Dry Needling HEדיקור יבש · ESpunción seca

Insertion of fine filiform needles into myofascial trigger points to elicit local twitch response and pain relief. Distinct from acupuncture.

Eccentric Loading HEעומס אקסצנטרי · EScarga excéntrica

Lengthening contractions of muscle/tendon under load. Cornerstone of tendinopathy rehabilitation (Alfredson protocol, Tyler Twist).

Electrical Stimulation (TENS / EMS) HEגירוי חשמלי · ESelectroestimulación

TENS for pain (gate control); EMS (NMES) for muscle activation when voluntary contraction is limited (post-surgery, neurological).

Heat Therapy HEחום · EStermoterapia

Application of superficial or deep heat to increase circulation, reduce muscle spasm, and improve tissue extensibility.

Heavy Slow Resistance (HSR) HEHSR · ESresistencia lenta y pesada

Slow concentric and eccentric loading at high resistance (3-second up, 3-second down). Evidence-based for tendinopathies (Kongsgaard).

Joint Manipulation (HVLA Thrust) HEמניפולציה · ESmanipulación articular

High-velocity low-amplitude thrust at the end of available joint range. Distinct from mobilisation by speed and amplitude.

Joint Mobilization HEניידות מפרק · ESmovilización articular

Slow passive oscillations applied to a joint within available range. Maitland grades I-IV.

Kinesio Taping HEקינסיו טייפ · ESvendaje neuromuscular

Elastic adhesive tape applied with specific tension and direction to support tissues, modify proprioception, and reduce pain.

Manual Therapy HEטיפול ידני · ESterapia manual

Umbrella term for hands-on techniques: joint mobilization/manipulation, soft tissue work, neural mobilization.

McKenzie Method (MDT) HEשיטת McKenzie · ESmétodo McKenzie

Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy — assessment-based system using repeated movements to classify (derangement, dysfunction, postural) and treat spinal/peripheral pain.

Mobilization with Movement (MWM / Mulligan) HEMulligan / MWM · ESmovilización con movimiento

Mulligan-style technique combining sustained joint glide applied by clinician with active patient movement. Pain-free correction of joint mechanics.

Myofascial Release HEשחרור מיופאשיאלי · ESliberación miofascial

Sustained pressure on fascial restrictions to release adhesions and improve tissue mobility.

Neural Mobilization (Nerve Glides) HEניידות עצבית · ESmovilización neural

Specific movements that mobilise neural tissue (slider/tensioner). Used for radiculopathy, carpal tunnel, sciatica.

PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation) HEPNF · ESFNP

Stretching and strengthening using diagonal/spiral patterns and reciprocal inhibition (contract-relax, hold-relax).

Plyometrics HEפליומטריקה · ESpliométricos

Stretch-shortening cycle exercises (jumps, hops, throws) developing reactive power. Late-stage rehabilitation and athletic performance.

Soft Tissue Mobilization HEניידות רקמה רכה · ESmovilización de tejidos blandos

Manual techniques addressing muscle, fascia, and connective tissue restrictions.

Spinal Decompression / Traction HEמשיכה / decompression · ESdescompresión / tracción

Mechanical or manual traction applied to the spine to reduce intradiscal pressure. Limited evidence for radiculopathy.

Stretching (Static, Dynamic, PNF) HEמתיחות · ESestiramientos

Static (held), dynamic (movement-based), and PNF (contract-relax) modalities for tissue extensibility.

TECAR Therapy HETECAR · ESTECAR

Transfer Energy Capacitive and Resistive — radio-frequency electromagnetic deep heating (4-6 cm) for tendinopathies, spasm, and chronic pain.

TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) HETENS · ESTENS / electroestimulación nerviosa transcutánea

Electroanalgesic modality using skin electrodes. High-frequency mode (50-100 Hz) acts via gate-control theory; low-frequency mode (1-4 Hz) triggers endogenous opioid release. Patient-controlled, drug-free pain relief; home units enable self-management.

Tyler Twist HETyler Twist · ESTyler Twist

FlexBar eccentric exercise for lateral epicondylitis. Tyler 2010, JSES — DASH score improvement +76% vs +13% with standard physiotherapy.

Ultrasound Therapy HEאולטרסאונד טיפולי · ESultrasonido terapéutico

Therapeutic ultrasound (1-3 MHz) for thermal or mechanical effects on tissue. Evidence base mixed; specific indications.

BFR (Blood Flow Restriction) Training HEאימון BFR (הגבלת זרימת דם) · ESentrenamiento con restricción del flujo sanguíneo

Pneumatic cuff applied to the proximal limb at controlled pressure (40-80% of arterial occlusion pressure) during low-load exercise (20-30% 1RM). Produces strength and hypertrophy gains comparable to heavy training in patients who cannot tolerate high loads (post-surgical, elderly, painful tendinopathy). Evidence-based for ACL rehab, post-rotator cuff repair, and tendinopathy. Proper cuff width and pressure individualised to limb circumference are essential for safety.

Cross-Friction Massage (Cyriax) HEעיסוי חיכוך רוחבי · ESmasaje de fricción transversal

Deep transverse friction across the affected tendon or ligament fibres, developed by James Cyriax. Aims to break adhesions and stimulate localised inflammatory response. Used for chronic tendinopathy and ligament injuries.

Foam Rolling / Self-Myofascial Release HEפום רולר / שחרור עצמי · ESrodillo de espuma / automasaje miofascial

Patient applies sustained pressure to muscle and fascia using a foam roller, lacrosse ball, or massage tools. Improves short-term tissue extensibility and reduces perceived muscle soreness. Effects are transient — best as warm-up adjunct, not standalone treatment.

IASTM (Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization) HEIASTM · ESIASTM

Use of stainless-steel or specialty tools (Graston, HawkGrips, FAKTR) to detect and treat soft-tissue restrictions, scar tissue, and fascial adhesions. Adjunct to exercise; reduces tissue-bound pain in chronic tendinopathies and post-surgical scars.

Iontophoresis HEיונטופורזיס · ESiontoforesis

Use of low-level electrical current to drive charged medication (typically dexamethasone or lidocaine) through intact skin to a target tissue. Used for superficial inflammatory conditions (lateral epicondylitis, plantar fasciitis).

Vibration Therapy HEטיפול ברטט · ESterapia vibratoria

Whole-body or local vibration applied via platforms or handheld devices. Used for muscle activation, balance training, and bone density preservation. Most evidence in osteoporosis prevention and elderly balance.

Concepts & Principles

Active ROM HEטווח אקטיבי · ESrango activo

Joint range of motion the patient can achieve using their own muscle contraction. Limited by pain, weakness, or motor control.

Apophysitis HEאפופיזיטיס · ESapofisitis

Inflammation/injury at a tendon-bone insertion in young athletes. Replaces "tendinitis" in pediatric overuse (Osgood-Schlatter, Sever).

Biomechanics HEביומכניקה · ESbiomecánica

Application of mechanical principles to biological systems — forces, moments, joint kinematics, gait analysis.

Centralization HEצנטרליזציה · EScentralización

McKenzie concept: peripheral pain (e.g., into leg) progressively retreats toward the spine in response to specific repeated movements. Favourable prognostic sign.

Closed-Chain Exercise HEתרגיל בשרשרת סגורה · ESejercicio en cadena cerrada

Distal segment fixed (foot on floor); promotes co-contraction and joint stability. Examples: squat, lunge, push-up.

Concentric Contraction HEקונצנטרי · EScontracción concéntrica

Muscle contraction during shortening (e.g., biceps curl up phase).

DOMS (Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness) HEכאבי שרירים מאוחרים (DOMS) · ESDOMS

Muscle soreness 24-72 hours after unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Resolves spontaneously; not a sign of injury.

Eccentric Contraction HEאקסצנטרי · EScontracción excéntrica

Muscle contraction during lengthening (e.g., biceps curl down phase). Greater force production than concentric.

Functional Movement Screen (FMS) HEFMS · ESFMS

Seven-test screen (deep squat, hurdle step, lunge, shoulder mobility, ASLR, trunk push-up, rotary stability) identifying movement limitations.

Graded Exposure HEחשיפה הדרגתית · ESexposición gradual

Behavioural strategy progressively exposing the patient to feared movements/activities to reduce kinesiophobia and avoidance.

Hypertrophy HEהיפרטרופיה · EShipertrofia

Increase in muscle cell size from training. Distinct from hyperplasia (increase in cell number).

Isokinetic HEאיזוקינטי · ESisocinético

Constant-velocity contraction with variable resistance matching applied force. Performed on specialised machines for assessment and training.

Isometric Contraction HEאיזומטרי · EScontracción isométrica

Muscle contraction without joint movement (length unchanged). Used in early rehab when motion is contraindicated.

Kinesiophobia HEקינזיופוביה · ESkinesiofobia

Fear of movement or re-injury. Major barrier to recovery in chronic pain and post-surgical patients. Tampa Scale assesses severity.

Kinetic Chain HEהשרשרת הקינטית · EScadena cinética

Concept that body segments transmit forces sequentially. Weakness in one link increases load on segments above.

Load Management HEניהול עומס · ESgestión de carga

Strategic balance of training/activity load with recovery to optimise adaptation and minimise injury risk. Acute:chronic workload ratio is one tool.

Motor Control HEשליטה מוטורית · EScontrol motor

Coordination of muscle activation patterns to produce desired movement. Often impaired after injury and key target of rehabilitation.

Movement Pattern HEתבנית תנועה · ESpatrón de movimiento

Coordinated sequence of muscle and joint actions producing functional movement (squat, hip hinge, push, pull).

Neuroplasticity HEנוירופלסטיות · ESneuroplasticidad

The nervous system's ability to reorganise structure and function in response to experience. Underpins motor learning and chronic pain treatment.

Open-Chain Exercise HEתרגיל בשרשרת פתוחה · ESejercicio en cadena abierta

Distal segment free; isolated muscle/joint training. Examples: knee extension machine, biceps curl.

Pain Catastrophizing HEקטסטרופיזציה של כאב · EScatastrofización del dolor

Tendency to ruminate, magnify, and feel helpless about pain. Strong predictor of chronic pain disability. Pain Catastrophizing Scale measures severity.

Passive ROM HEטווח פסיבי · ESrango pasivo

Joint range of motion the clinician can move the patient through with patient relaxed. Limited by joint structure rather than muscle.

Periodization HEפריודיזציה · ESperiodización

Systematic planning of training variables (volume, intensity, frequency) over time to optimise adaptation and peak performance.

Prehabilitation HEפיזיותרפיה לפני ניתוח · ESprehabilitación

Pre-operative physiotherapy to optimise post-operative outcomes. Strong evidence for ACL, joint replacement, rotator cuff repair.

Progressive Loading HEעומס פרוגרסיבי · EScarga progresiva

Gradual increase of exercise load (typically 5-10% per week) to build tissue capacity safely.

Proprioception HEפרופריוצפציה · ESpropiocepción

Sense of body position and movement, mediated by mechanoreceptors in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and skin.

Range of Motion (ROM) HEטווח תנועה · ESrango de movimiento

Extent of movement at a joint. Active ROM = patient moves; Passive ROM = clinician moves.

Reactive Tendinopathy HEטנדינופתיה תגובתית · EStendinopatía reactiva

Early stage of tendon pathology in Cook's continuum model. Acute response to overload; recovers with rest in young patients.

Return to Sport (RTS) HEחזרה לספורט · ESretorno al deporte

Structured progression back to athletic activity using objective criteria (strength symmetry, hop tests, sport-specific movements).

Scapular Dyskinesis HEסקפולר דיסקינזיס · ESdiscinesis escapular

Abnormal scapular movement pattern. Common contributor to shoulder pain and rotator cuff injuries.

Sensitization (Central / Peripheral) HEסנסיטיזציה · ESsensibilización

Increased nervous system responsiveness to input. Peripheral: at injury site. Central: in the spinal cord and brain. Drives chronic pain.

Trigger Point HEנקודת טריגר · ESpunto gatillo

Hyperirritable spot in skeletal muscle within a taut band. Produces local and referred pain, treated with manual pressure or dry needling.

1RM (One Repetition Maximum) HE1RM · ES1RM

Maximum weight that can be lifted for one repetition with proper form. Standard reference for strength-training intensity (e.g., "70% 1RM"). Can be estimated from sub-maximal multi-rep tests.

Allodynia HEאלודיניה · ESalodinia

Pain provoked by a stimulus that normally would not produce pain (e.g., light touch, gentle clothing pressure). Hallmark of central sensitization in chronic pain and CRPS.

Atrophy HEאטרופיה · ESatrofia

Reduction in muscle cell size from disuse, denervation, or aging. Reversible with progressive loading; the foundational reason rehabilitation must include strength work.

Hyperalgesia HEהיפראלגזיה · EShiperalgesia

Increased pain response to a stimulus that normally produces pain (i.e., the same pinch hurts more than usual). Sign of peripheral or central sensitization.

Hypertonia / Hypotonia HEהיפרטוניה / היפוטוניה · EShipertonía / hipotonía

Hypertonia: increased muscle tone (e.g., spasticity). Hypotonia: decreased muscle tone (e.g., post-stroke flaccid stage). Distinct from voluntary strength.

Nociception HEנוצי-ספציה · ESnocicepción

Detection and neural transmission of noxious (potentially harmful) stimuli. Distinct from pain — pain is the conscious perceptual output; nociception is the input. Pain can occur without nociception (e.g., chronic pain) and vice versa.

Referred Pain HEכאב מקרין · ESdolor referido

Pain perceived at a location distant from its source (e.g., heart attack felt in left arm; trigger points referring pain to predictable patterns). Reflects shared spinal-cord input pathways.

RPE (Rate of Perceived Exertion / Borg Scale) HERPE / סולם Borg · ESRPE / escala de Borg

Subjective effort rating: original Borg 6-20 scale or modified 0-10. Used to autoregulate exercise intensity and dose progressive loading without strict %1RM calculations.

SAID Principle (Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands) HEעיקרון SAID · ESprincipio SAID

The body adapts specifically to the demands placed upon it. Foundational principle of rehabilitation specificity — strength training builds strength, endurance training builds endurance, sport-specific drills build sport-specific capacity.

Sarcopenia HEסרקופניה · ESsarcopenia

Age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. Begins in the 4th-5th decade and accelerates after 60. Resistance training is the primary preventive and reversal intervention.

Spasticity HEספסטיות · ESespasticidad

Velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone with exaggerated tendon reflexes. Sign of upper motor neuron lesion (post-stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy).

VO2 Max HEVO2 Max · ESVO2 máx

Maximum rate of oxygen consumption during incremental exercise. Gold-standard measure of aerobic fitness. Predictor of cardiovascular health and mortality across populations.